Solar energy systems encompass a range of configurations. The solar energy systems market includes grid-tied (connected to the utility, with net metering), off-grid (standalone), and hybrid (grid-tied with battery backup). The off-grid segment is the smallest but fastest-growing in some regions. The solar energy systems market for "grid-tied" is the largest overall. The solar energy systems market for "hybrid" systems (also called "grid-interactive") allow for self-consumption of solar during the day, backup power during outages, and grid export. The solar energy systems market for "off-grid" is the focus here.

The broader off grid solar market is a subset. The solar energy systems market for "residential" off-grid is for cabins, RVs, boats, and remote homes. The solar energy systems market for "commercial" off-grid includes telecom towers, remote monitoring stations, and off-grid businesses. The solar energy systems market for "industrial" off-grid includes mining operations and oil/gas installations. The solar energy systems market for "utility-scale" off-grid (e.g., remote villages) are mini-grids.

The solar energy systems market for "components" overlap, but off-grid requires batteries and a charge controller, while grid-tied does not. The solar energy systems market for "inverters" differ: grid-tied inverters must synchronize with the grid; off-grid inverters must provide a stable voltage and frequency (forming the microgrid). The solar energy systems market for "hybrid" inverters can operate in both modes.

The solar energy systems market for "economics" differ. Grid-tied solar has the shortest payback due to avoided electricity bills. The solar energy systems market for "off-grid" solar has a longer payback but provides energy independence and is cheaper than extending the grid in remote areas. The solar energy systems market for "hybrid" solar has a payback between the two, but adds resilience.

The solar energy systems market for "policy" support often applies only to grid-tied systems. The solar energy systems market for "off-grid" is supported by international development programs and, in some countries, by subsidies.

Looking ahead, the solar energy systems market for "off-grid" will become more integrated with "DC" appliances and "smart" controls. The solar energy systems market for "DC" microgrids (avoiding inversion losses) are being piloted. As battery prices fall, the solar energy systems market for "off-grid" will become more competitive.

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